Generating Agricultural Information Products Using Remote Sensing

ABSTRACT

A method for generating a supplementary index raster file based on a plurality of primary index raster files that are associated with an area of interest (AOI) uses a computer coupled to a remote sensing device via a network, wherein the computer includes an input device, a display, and a memory. The method includes generating the plurality of primary index raster files including at least two independent vegetation index (VI) raster files and a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file, wherein each primary index raster file includes a plurality of pixel values. The method also includes combining the at least two VI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file, classifying each pixel value of the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes, storing the CSB raster file into the memory, and displaying the CSB raster file.

BACKGROUND

The embodiments described herein relate generally to analyzing remotely-sensed data related to agriculture and, more particularly, to generating information products based on remotely-sensed data.

At least some known methods for processing multispectral (MS) imagery using a single formula that converts MS data into a single vegetation index (VI) based on typically two key spectral bands. For example, the two most often used spectral bands are red-light (RL) with wavelengths near 680 nanometers (nm) and a near-infrared, Band A (NA) with wavelengths near 830 nm. Moreover, at least some known methods require that the RL and NA raster values be converted to calibrated reflectance factor (RF) values.

Moreover, at least some known methods were defined with the expectation that input spectral “brightness” digital numbers (DNs) are valid reflectance factors known to be absolutely accurate. For example, at least some known methods use raw source-imagery DNs. Other known methods use valid, absolutely accurate reflectance factors. However, obtaining accurate values for RF, even for a limited number of spectral bands, is difficult and expensive to complete. Without accurate RF values, some known methods for processing MS imagery are invalid. Moreover, the single VI that is generated by some known methods does not relate well to one or more generally important biophysical properties of vegetation analysis, such as green biomass density (GBD), green leaf area index (GLAI), and/or absorbed photosynthetically-active radiation (APAR). Furthermore, at least some known methods that use valid, absolutely accurate reflectance factors include fixed coefficients that are not accurate across large time periods, such as a time period lasting years after an initial definition of the coefficients for an initial set of reflectance factor values.

Moreover, at least some known methods for processing MS imagery use pixel values obtained using a specific MS system, such as the Landsat 1, 2, 3, or 4's Multispectral Scanner System (MSS) or Landsat 4's Thematic Mapper (TM). Accordingly, only those spectral bands obtained by MSS or TM were available for use by such methods. Moreover, such methods included the use of fixed-value coefficients that are only useful when applied to the pixel values obtained by MSS or TM and, only under conditions where solar illumination was similar. As such, use of such methods is restricted. Furthermore, at least some known methods for processing MS imagery are susceptible to unwanted variation caused by hill shading and the like, which is known as brightness noise (BN), and are also susceptible to soil noise (SN). Some other methods are less susceptible to SN, but they use only two spectral bands or use a blue light (BL) band that is not available on all spacecraft-based imaging systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION

This Brief Description is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Brief Description is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

In one aspect, a method is provided for generating a supplementary index raster file based on a plurality of primary index raster files that are associated with an area of interest (AOI) using a computer coupled to a remote sensing device via a network, wherein the computer includes an input device, a display, and a memory. The method includes generating the plurality of primary index raster files including at least two independent vegetation index (VI) raster files and a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file, wherein each primary index raster file includes a plurality of pixel values. The method also includes combining the at least two VI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file, classifying each pixel value of the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes, storing the CSB raster file into the memory, and displaying the CSB raster file via the display.

In another aspect, an information system is provided for generating a supplementary index raster file based on a plurality of primary index raster files that are associated with an area of interest (AOI). The information system includes a computer system having a memory and a processor coupled to the memory. The computer system is configured to generate the plurality of primary index raster files including at least two vegetation index (VI) raster files, wherein each primary index raster file includes a plurality of georeferenced pixel values. The computer system is also configured to combine the at least two VI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file, classify each pixel value of the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes, store the CSB raster file into the memory, and display the CSB raster file based on a user-selected display option.

In another aspect, one or more computer-readable storage media having computer-executable components are provided for generating a supplementary index raster file based on a plurality of primary index raster files that are associated with an area of interest (AOI). The components include a primary index component that when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to generate the plurality of primary index raster files including at least two vegetation index (VI) raster files and a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file, wherein each primary index raster file includes a plurality of pixel values. A combination component causes at least one processor to combine the at least two VI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file. A classification component causes at least one processor to classify each pixel value of the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes based on a type of land cover associated with each pixel value. A storage component causes at least one processor to store the CSB raster file in a memory, and a display component causes at least one processor to transmit the CSB raster file to a display device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments described herein may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an exemplary information system for use in gathering and processing agricultural information.

FIG. 2 is an expanded block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system architecture of the information system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a simplified flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for generating basic agricultural information associated with an area of interest (AOI) using the information system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is an expanded flowchart further illustrating the method shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5 is an image including three image rasters prior to being processed using the information system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a soil-brightness-adjusted image that has been processed using the information system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 7 is a soil-noise-suppressed image that has been processed using the information system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a pigmentation-adjusted image that has been processed using the information system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method for generating additional agricultural information associated with an area of interest (AOI) using the information system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 10 is an image illustrating display of an exemplary classified soil brightness raster file after being processed using the information system shown in FIG. 1.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In some embodiments, the term “remote sensing” (RS) refers generally to a non-destructive process of gathering information about an object or area of interest using an electromagnetic sensor or data collection device, while the sensor or device is not in direct physical contact with the object or area. Typical examples of agriculturally significant RS data sources include those collected by cameras on earth-orbiting satellites and aircraft. Numerous kinds of electromagnetic sensors can be used in RS applications, include sensors which collect information about absorbed or reflected electromagnetic radiation, for example, in a single spectral bands, in several multispectral bands, in many hyperspectral bands, in the visible-light region, in the near-infrared region, in the middle-infrared region, in the far-infrared region, and/or in the microwave region.

In some embodiments, the term “multispectral” (MS) refers generally to a kind of RS system that uses two or more spectral bands. Common RS spectral bands and codes are listed later.

In some embodiments, the term “bandwidth” (Δλ) refers generally to a range of wavelengths (λ, in nanometers, nm) that are often associated with a specific named spectral band on an RS imager.

In some embodiments, the term “raster” refers generally to a regular array of “digital numbers” (DNs) with locations specified by a pair of line and column coordinates. Each raster element (a.k.a., pixel) has a single DN value. A raster may be a standalone raster file, e.g., a Tagged Image Format File (TIFF) or a geographic TIFF file (GeoTIFF file-extension: .tif). Or, in the “custom-off-the-shelf” (COTS) TNTmips software (licensed by MicroImages, Inc., in Lincoln, Nebr.), a raster can be a raster object inside of an .rvc file (where “rvc” means “raster, vector, CAD”). Some pixels in a raster may have a null value, e.g., 0, to mark pixels that should be ignored or that lack an image-related brightness or information unit.

In some embodiments, the term “image raster” refers generally to a raster that has image-brightness-related DNs that usually range from 1 to 255 (for 8-bit unsigned integer images) or from 1 to 65,535 (for 16-bit unsigned integer images). An image-raster value of 0 (the null-value for a raster) is usually reserved for those pixels in the image raster that have no brightness-related DN value. Usually, there is one image raster for each spectral band.

In some embodiments, the term “spectral Bands and codes” refers generally to a set of MS images consisting of a number of spectral-band images that are individual image rasters. In the embodiments described herein, each spectral band is designated a two-letter spectral-band code, as follows:

-   -   CB: Coastal-blue-light band: For wavelengths near 440 nanometers         (nm)     -   BL: Blue-light band: For wavelengths near 485 nm     -   GL: Green-light band: For wavelengths near 550 nm     -   YL: Yellow-light band: For wavelengths near 610 nm     -   RL: Red-light band: For wavelengths near 680 nm     -   RE: Red-Edge band: For wavelengths near 715 nm     -   NA: Near-infrared band A: For wavelengths near 830 nm     -   NB: Near-infrared band B: For wavelengths near 920 nm     -   MA: Middle-infrared band A: For wavelengths near 1,200 nm     -   MB: Middle-infrared band B: For wavelengths near 1,650 nm     -   MC: Middle-infrared band C: For wavelengths near 2,235 nm     -   TA: Thermal-infrared band A: For wavelengths near 3,500 nm     -   TB: Thermal-infrared band B: For wavelengths near 10,000 nm

In some embodiments, the term “georeferenced raster” refers generally to a raster that has a pair of map coordinates associated with each pixel. Map coordinates are provided by equations that relate each line and column position to a pair of map coordinates (e.g., longitude and latitude or easting and northing) in a stated map projection, datum (e.g., WGS84), and units (e.g., decimal degrees or meters).

In some embodiments, the term “information raster” refers generally to a raster that has DNs that relate to specific information indicators (called index values) or to specific information units (called measurement values with implied measurement units). Null-valued pixels are usually indicated by a 0 or by 255. Thus, actual information units use DNs that range from 1 to 254.

In some embodiments, the term “co-registered rasters” refers generally to a set of image rasters or of information rasters with pixels that relate well to each other, but not necessarily to correct map locations. Co-registered rasters are subject to manipulation by mathematic and/or logical rules that involve the DNs in the co-registered rasters in order to derive additional kinds of information (that often is then placed in a new information raster).

In some embodiments, the term “orthorectified raster” refers generally to a raster where the pixels relate well to map locations (i.e., that have precise geographic coordinates in a declared map projection system).

In some embodiments, the term “RGB Display” refers generally to a set of three selected image rasters that are assigned to primary display colors called Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B).

In some embodiments, the term “color infrared (CIR)” refers generally to an RGB display where three image rasters, namely, NA, RL, and GL, are assigned to R, G, and B dots, respectively, using contrast-enhancement lookup tables. In a false-color CIR image, dense vegetation has saturated reddish colors.

In some embodiments, the term “natural color” (NC) refers generally to an RGB display where three image rasters, namely, RL, GL, and BL, are assigned to R, G, and B dots, respectively, using contrast-enhancement lookup tables. In a true NC image, dense vegetation has different hues as would be observed by a person having normal color vision.

In some embodiments, the term “color infragreen” (CIG) refers generally to an RGB display where three image rasters, namely, MB, NA, and RL, are assigned to R, G, and B dots, respectively, using contrast-enhancement lookup tables. In a false-color CIG image, dense vegetation generally has saturated greenish colors. CIG can also be useful for recognizing snow from clouds.

In some embodiments, the term “contrast-enhancement lookup table” refers generally to a one-to-one lookup table that relates a pixel's DN value to the displayed pixel's brightness (R, G, and/or B brightnesses in an RGB display). These kind of on-the-fly conversions allow one to keep DN values in a raster unchanged while greatly improving how the raster looks when displayed.

In some embodiments, the term “information-extraction algorithm” (IEA) refers generally to a series of complex processing steps that produces one or more specific information rasters from a set of MS image rasters through the use of hierarchal logic operations or mathematical formulas. The information rasters may or may not be georeferenced rasters or orthorectified rasters.

In some embodiments, the term “basic information raster” refers generally to an information raster that represent a particular named type of generic biophysical property as represented by indicator values (i.e., raster DNs) that are associated with each pixel.

In some embodiments, the term “basic information product” refers generally to a basic information raster that has been exported to one of the common, exchange raster file formats, e.g., a GeoTIFF file (.tif).

In some embodiments, the term “vegetation index (VI) value” refers generally to a numeric indicator of relative levels of biomass density (or leaf area index: LAI) usually presented as integer values in an information raster. Over the long history of RS, many formulas and IEAs have been devised to produce a VI raster. Often, the VI values in a VI raster will have a value of 0 or 100 to indicate that no vegetation is present (e.g., in a bare soil field). For some VI rasters, bare soil does not have a value close to 0—rather the bare-soil related VI value might be a non-logical value (neither 0 nor 100). High VI values relate to the densest of vegetation canopies. How a VI value actually relates to a given biophysical measure of biomass density usually varies from vegetation type to vegetation type and even from hybrid to hybrid. Some VI IEAs are susceptible to variations in the reflectance of background soils, called “soil noise” (SN). Others show a muted response to changes in biomass density at the top of the VI scale, called information saturation. In general, VIs are affected by changes in canopy leaf angles and the mixture of leaves with stalks. Leaf pigmentation also affects the VI values made from most VI IEAs.

In some embodiments, the term “calibration” or “calibrated” refers generally to numeric index values that are consistent from image to image and from date to date in terms of, for example, biophysical properties. A number of calibration methods may be used. In the embodiments described herein, the following methods may be used to calibrate, for example, VI pixel values:

-   -   In one method, calibrated (i.e., valid) reflectance RF values         are used as input. Calibrated RF inputs lead to the same output         VI values (be this 0.2 to 0.9, e.g., for NDVI, for vegetation         having normal ranges of density, or 0 to 100 for VIs generated         by other methods). The implication is that using calibrated         inputs will yield calibrated outputs. If the input RFs values         are valid, and like other RFs that have been produced from other         imagery or on other dates, then the resulting VIs will be         consistent from place to place or from date to date. A major         problem in remote sensing is that it is difficult, if not         impossible, to create valid RF values especially with regard to         surface-level (SFC) RFs. Top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) RFs are         easy to come by but differ greatly from SRF RFs in ways that         depend on un-measureable atmospheric parameters and irradiance         differences between attenuated direct sun and indirect         scattering from the rest of the hemispherical atmosphere.     -   In another method, two or more raw VI values are mathematically         tied to two or more known biophysical parameters of interest,         such as vegetative density conditions, to create a mathematical         model that converts the raw VI values to calibrated measures of         biophysical parameters of interest. Historically, scientific         instruments and their data have been calibrated to standard         values by using two or more tie points along the initial numeric         scale. For example, a common way to calibrate a thermometer         would be to immerse the thermometer in an ice-water bath (which         has a known temperature of 0° C.) and then in a boiling-water         bath (which has a known temperature of 100° C.). Assuming the         raw thermometer readings to be linear between these two         known-temperature points provides the means to convert any raw         thermometer reading to a calibrated temperature value. This kind         of two-point calibration of a VI can be done by, for example,         using a known bare-soil area and its raw VI value as a zero GBD         point and using a dense vegetation area and its raw VI value as         a 100 GBD point, or as an actual GBD value that has been         independently measured in the field concurrently with the image         collection.     -   In another calibration method, a range of raw input DN or of         transformed intermediate index values are examined in a         univariate way, and extreme values are selected (e.g., the         cumulative 0.1% and 99.9% points as representing a set output         scale). In some cases, univariate distributions can have         meaningful extreme values with some attention given to noisy         values at these extreme ends.     -   In yet another method, original spectral brightness values or         reflectance values, at TOA or at SFC, are converted to standard         indicators of brightness, greenness, yellowness, wetness, and/or         any other suitable indicators such that the resulting         transformed variables may be calibrated to a given set of         biophysical conditions on a transformed variable. Transformation         methods included in the embodiments described herein facilitate         improved performance of a typical computer method for MS data         transformation.     -   In another calibration method, VI pixel values are tied to         biophysical conditions that may not be directly related to the         spectral data. Such biophysical conditions may include, without         limitation, stand counts, yield distributions, and labeling of         pixels that have been organized into clusters of like VI values.         This often involves supervised or unsupervised clustering         analyses that find scene objects having self-consistent spectral         properties but that have no deductive identification. Ground         truth then is used to identify certain clusters. Other pixels         that belong to the same cluster class than are assumed to be the         same as the class indicated by the available ground truth.         Clustering does not require absolute input indicators as the         rule of membership in a given cluster is based on relative         values. Then, each spatial cluster is assigned a biophysical         meaning by means of a name or label, such as, “normal,” “insect         infestation,” “nitrogen stressed,” and “drought stricken.” In         fact, non-linear VIs can still be clustered in groups that are         related to similarity to neighboring pixels in a mathematical or         spatial context.

Moreover, more than one of the above methods may be used simultaneously and/or consecutively. The above calibration methods are for illustrative and exemplary purposes and it should be realized that the calibration methods are to be selected according to the circumstances, and may include other methods known in the art and/or combinations of various methods.

Technical effects of methods, systems, and computer-readable media described herein include at least one of (a) generating a plurality of primary index raster files (GBI, PGI, and SBI) based on three image raster files and a set of spectral control points; (b) combining the GBI and PGI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file; (c) classifying each pixel value of the CSM raster file into one of a plurality of classes related to a type of land cover; (d) substituting pixel values from the SBI raster file for pixel values of the CSB raster file that do not correspond to any of the classes; (e) storing the CSB raster file in a memory; and (f) displaying the CSB raster file using a color or shade of color associated with the corresponding class.

FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of an exemplary system 100 in accordance with one embodiment for use in gathering and processing agricultural information. In the exemplary embodiment, system 100 includes a server system 102, and a plurality of client sub-systems, also referred to as client systems 104, connected to server system 102. In one embodiment, client systems 104 are computers including a web browser and/or a client software application, such that server system 102 is accessible to client systems 104 over a network, such as the Internet and/or an intranet. Client systems 104 are interconnected to the Internet through many interfaces including a network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), dial-in-connections, cable modems, wireless modems, and/or special high-speed Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) lines. As described above, client systems 104 may be any device capable of interconnecting to the Internet including a computer, web-based phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), or other web-based connectable equipment. A database server 106 is connected to a database 108 containing information on a variety of matters, such as agricultural information relating to one or more areas of interest (AOIs). In one embodiment, centralized database 108 is stored on server system 102 and is accessed by potential users at one of client systems 104 by logging onto server system 102 through one of client systems 104. In an alternative embodiment, database 108 is stored remotely from server system 102 and may be non-centralized.

Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, system 100 includes one or more remote sensors 110. Each sensor 110 gathers information about an object or area of interest, while sensor 110 is not in direct physical contact with the object or area. In one embodiment, sensor 110 is a camera coupled to an earth-orbiting satellite or to an aircraft. In an alternative embodiment, sensor 110 is an electromagnetic sensor that collects information about absorbed or reflected electromagnetic radiation, for example, in a single spectral bands, in several multispectral bands, in many hyperspectral bands, in the visible-light region, in the near-infrared region, in the middle-infrared region, in the far-infrared region, and/or in the microwave region. In some embodiments, sensor 110 is constrained by, for example, server system 102, to use only predetermined look-down angles during data collection and/or to collect data during specified times of day. The times of day during which data is to be collected may be determined by, for example, the day of the year and/or the latitude of the AOI. More specifically, sensor 110 is constrained to only collect data that is not affected by bidirectional reflectance. In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 accesses each sensor 110 over a network, such as the Internet and/or an intranet. In some embodiments, sensors 110 are also accessible by client system 104 over a network, such as the Internet and/or an intranet.

As discussed below, agricultural information including rasters, image rasters, and/or georeference rasters are stored within sensors 110 and may be extracted by server system 102 for storage within database 108. Moreover, database 108 may include a time stamp for each datum that has been entered or modified within database 108. Because database 108 may include data extracted from multiple sensors 110, each datum stored within database 108 is marked by an identifier such as a key that corresponds to an AOI that relates to the relevant datum.

The embodiments illustrated and described herein as well as embodiments not specifically described herein but within the scope of aspects of the invention constitute exemplary means for generating a plurality of agricultural indices, such as a soil brightness index (SBI), a green biomass index (GBI), and a pigmentation index (PGI), and more particularly, constitute exemplary means for archiving and analyzing agricultural data obtained by sensors 110 and stored in database 108 as image raster files. For example, server system 102 or client system 104, or any other similar computer device, programmed with computer-executable instructions illustrated in FIG. 1 constitutes exemplary means for archiving and analyzing agricultural data obtained by sensors 110 and stored in database 108 as image raster files.

FIG. 2 is an expanded block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system architecture 200 of system 100 (shown in FIG. 1) in accordance with one embodiment. Components in system architecture 200, identical to components of system 100, are identified in FIG. 2 using the same reference numerals as used in FIG. 1. System 200 includes server system 102 and client systems 104. Server system 102 further includes database server 106, an application server 202, a web server 204, a fax server 206, a directory server 208, and a mail server 210. A disk storage unit 212 is coupled to database server 106 and directory server 208. Examples of disk storage unit 212 include, but are not limited to including, a Network Attached Storage (NAS) device and a Storage Area Network (SAN) device. Database server 106 is also coupled to database 108. Servers 106, 202, 204, 206, 208, and 210 are coupled in a local area network (LAN) 214. Client systems 104 may include a system administrator workstation 216, a user workstation 218, and a supervisor workstation 220 coupled to LAN 214. Alternatively, client systems 104 may include workstations 216, 218, 220, 222, and 224 that are coupled to LAN 214 using an Internet link or are connected through an intranet.

Each client system 104, including workstations 216, 218, 220, 222, and 224, is a personal computer having a web browser and/or a client application. Server system 102 is configured to be communicatively coupled to client systems 104 to enable server system 102 to be accessed using an Internet connection 226 provided by an Internet Service Provider (ISP). The communication in the exemplary embodiment is illustrated as being performed using the Internet, however, any suitable wide area network (WAN) type communication can be utilized in alternative embodiments, that is, the systems and processes are not limited to being practiced using the Internet. In addition, local area network 214 may be used in place of WAN 228. Further, fax server 206 may communicate with remotely located client systems 104 using a telephone link.

Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 is communicatively coupled to one or more remote sensors 110 that acquire data, such as agricultural data. Server system 102 is configured to be communicatively coupled to each sensor 110 to enable server system 102 to access each sensor 110 using Internet connection 226. The communication in the exemplary embodiment is illustrated as being performed using the Internet, however, any suitable wide area network (WAN) type communication can be utilized in alternative embodiments, that is, the systems and processes are not limited to being practiced using the Internet. In addition, local area network 214 may be used in place of WAN 228. Server system 102 is further configured to extract data from each sensor 110 that is specified as a data origin. Server system 102 extracts the data and stores the data within database 108.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart 300 that illustrates an exemplary method for generating a plurality of agricultural index raster files associated with an area of interest (AOI) using system 200 (shown in FIG. 2). In the exemplary embodiment, a computer receives 302 three image raster files relating to the AOI from a remote sensing device, such as sensor 110, via a network. Specifically, the computer receives only three image raster files relating to the AOI. In some embodiments, the computer is server system 102. In alternative embodiments, the computer is client system 104. In the exemplary embodiment, the computer includes a memory and a processor coupled via a bus. The computer also includes an input device and a display coupled to the processor. In one embodiment, the computer retrieves the image raster files from sensor 110 by, for example, requesting the image raster files from sensor 110. Alternatively, the computer may receive the image raster files from sensor 110 and store the image raster files in the memory. The computer may then retrieve the image raster files from the memory. In the exemplary embodiment, the computer then receives 304 a plurality of spectral control points (SCPs) from a user via the input device, such as a keyboard or a mouse. Specifically, the computer receives three SCPs from the user. In some embodiments, the computer stores the SCPs in the memory. Moreover, in some embodiments, the computer includes a data reception component that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to receive and/or retrieve the three image raster files and/or the three SCPs.

In the exemplary embodiment, the computer generates 306 two independent vegetation index (VI) raster files based on the three image raster files and the three SCPs. Specifically, the two VI raster files include a pigmentation index (PGI) raster file and a green biomass index (GBI) raster file. The computer also generates 308 a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file based on the three image raster files and the three SCPs. The computer generates the VI raster files and the SBI raster file by, for example, accessing the three image raster files and the SCPs in the memory, and by processing the image raster files and the SCPs. In some embodiments, the computer includes a primary index component that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to generate the PGI, GBI, and SBI raster files.

In the exemplary embodiment, the computer then stores 310 each of the SBI, GBI, and PGI raster files in the memory. Moreover, the computer selectively displays 312, via the display, one or more of the PGI, GBI, and SBI raster files. In some embodiments, the computer includes a storage component that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to store each of the PGI, GBI, and SBI raster files in the memory. Moreover, in some embodiments, the computer includes a display component that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to selectively transmit one or more of the PGI, GBI, and SBI raster files to the display.

FIG. 4 is an expanded flowchart 400 further illustrating the method shown in FIG. 3. In the exemplary embodiment, and referring to FIG. 2, server system 102 receives three image raster files from one or more remote sensors 110. Specifically, server system 102 receives 402 the three image raster files from sensors 110 via a network, such as the Internet and/or ISP Internet Connection 226. In the exemplary embodiment, the image raster files are uncalibrated files and include a first image raster file related to the green light spectral band (GL), a second image raster file related to the red light spectral band (RL), and a third image raster file related to the near-infrared, band A spectral band (NA). As such, the three image raster files are orthogonal to each other in a three-dimensional mathematical space. Receiving only the above three image raster files facilitates more consistent output raster files from image to image and date to date. Moreover, each image raster file is a georeferenced raster file and, as such, includes a plurality of pixel values and a set of map coordinates associated with each pixel value. Further, in the exemplary embodiment, none of the three image raster files necessarily includes reflectance factor information. In some embodiments, server system 102 retrieves the three image raster files from sensors 110. In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 stores 404 the three image raster files in a memory and/or database 108. In one embodiment, client system 104 receives the three image raster files from sensor 110 rather than server system 102. In such an embodiment, client system 104 transmits the image raster files to server system 102 for storage in database 108. Alternatively, client system 104 may store the image raster files locally in a memory.

In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 then receives 406 a set of three spectral control points (SCPs) via user input. Specifically, a user inputs a location of each of the three SCPs. In the exemplary embodiment, the SCPs include, in the following order, a dark bare soil SCP, a brighter bare soil SCP, and a reference green vegetation SCP. The locations may be input via client system 104, and transmitted to server system 102 via a network, such as the Internet. Alternatively, the locations may be input directly into server system 102. Server system 102 stores 408 each SCP into a memory and/or database 108. In the exemplary embodiment, the SCPs are the only manual input. In alternative embodiments, server system 102 may receive more than three SCPs or less than three SCPs.

Server system 102 then shifts the origin of the original three-dimensional mathematical space defined by the three image raster files. Specifically, server system 102 shifts the origin from a first origin to a second origin that is defined by the three image raster files and the dark bare soil SCP. This pre-rotation shift facilitates reducing the effects of variable path reflectances that occur from scene to scene, i.e. from a first set of data relating to the AOI at a first time to a second set of data relating to the AOI at a second time. Such variable path reflectances are caused by variations in atmospheric haze and/or in solar illumination angles. Moreover, in general a line of bare soils (LBS) passes through a point in the three-dimensional space that is associated with one or more bare soils, such as a dark bare soil. Identification of a second known bare soil point, such as the brighter bare soil SCP, facilitates generating a unit vector in the original three-dimensional mathematical space that defines the LBS as it actually exists in the scene being processed.

In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 generates three intermediate, open-scale raster files based on the three image raster files and the three SCPs using a progressive transformation (PT) algorithm. A first intermediate raster file is related to brightness, and is hereinafter referred to as a PT brightness (PTB) raster file. A second intermediate raster file is related to greenness, and is hereinafter referred to as a PT greenness (PTG) raster file. A third intermediate raster file is related to biophysical properties other than brightness or greenness, and is hereinafter referred to as PT non-such (PTN). The PT algorithm includes using PT coefficients that may be made one rotational transformation at a time on any number of input features for any number of output PT raster files. For example, applying the PT algorithm to a three-band set as described herein results in three intermediate PT rasters. Each intermediate raster file is a georeferenced raster file and, as such, includes a plurality of pixel values and a set of map coordinates associated with each pixel value. In the exemplary embodiment, the map coordinates of the intermediate raster files match those included in the three image raster files received by server system 102. Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, the intermediate raster files are calibrated. Calibrating the intermediate raster files enables generating, for example, a PTG raster file with the most dense green herbaceous vegetation in a given scene having pixel values that are related to an output VI that is at or near a highest value of an output VI scale.

Accordingly, in the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 generates 410 the PTN raster file and stores the PTN raster file to a memory and/or database 108. Specifically, pixel values representing a key biophysical object, bare soil, with its various brightness conditions, are set to zero for the PTN raster file. Primary kinds of land-cover materials that have a positive value in the PTN raster file include various densities of residue and some senescing vegetation. Some materials in an imaged scene have PTN values less than zero, such as open water, road materials, rooftops, and some types of vegetation. Server system 102 accesses the stored image raster file and SCP data and generates 412 a first vegetation index (VI) raster file based on the PTN raster file. Specifically, server system 102 accesses the stored PTN raster file and generates a pigmentation index (PGI) raster file based on the PTN raster file by rescaling the raw PTN pixel values into PGI pixel values based on the PTN pixel values that are greater than zero. These positive PTN pixel values relate to residue density on the landscape. After determining a distribution-based highest positive value in the PTN raster file, the effectively highest pixel-value is assigned a PGI value of 50. On the negative side of the PTN scale, the PGI scale is set to 1/1.3 of the higher side for PGI values greater than 100. The 1/1.3 ratio enables land-cover types to remain on scale for pixel values between 100 and 254.

The PGI raster file indicates how much the spectral properties in a given pixel depart from the spectral properties of a simple mixture of background bare soil with a typical green vegetation type being in the foreground. These simple-mixture pixels are denoted by PTN values near zero and are assigned a PGI value of 100. There are two types of deviations in pigmentation. A first variation cases a more bluish spectral shift, e.g., deviations caused by deep open water, road surfaces, rooftops, and/or very lush vegetation. A second variation causes a more yellowing spectral shift due to, for example, residue and/or senescing vegetation. The first variation is indicated by PGI pixel values greater than 100 (up to 254). The second variation is indicated by PGI values less than 100 (down to 1). Following generation of the PGI raster file, server system 102 generates 414 the PTB raster file, generates 416 the PTG raster file, and stores the PTB and PTG raster files to a memory and/or database 108. Moreover, server system 102 determines a distribution-based lowest pixel value in the PTG raster file and, on the other side of the PTG scale, the scale is set to 1/1.3 of the lower side.

In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 then corrects 418 the PTN and PTG raster files for brightness noise (BN). Specifically, server system 102 accesses and processes the stored PTN and PTG raster files using a ratio-type formula. The corrected PTN and PTG raster files may then be saved to a memory and/or database 108. Moreover, in the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 determines 420 a soil noise (SN) correction factor and applies the SN correction factor to the PTN and PTG raster files.

Server system 102 then generates 422 a second VI raster file based on the PTB and PTG raster files. Specifically, server system 102 generates a green biomass index (GBI) raster file by accessing the stored PTB and PTG raster files in a memory or in database 108, and by determining a plurality of raw GBI pixel values. Server system 102 then calibrates the raw GBI pixel values by applying a scaling factor to the raw GBI pixel values to determine final GBI pixel values. The final GBI pixel values make up the GBI raster file. The GBI raster pixel values indicate how much green biomass density is present in the current scene. Bare soil is represented by a value of 100. Vegetated areas are assigned GBI pixel values greater than 100, up to approximately 200 for very dense planophile herbaceous vegetation. Other land-surface materials are assigned GBI pixel values on a linear scale between and beyond 100 and 200 according to a numeric scale that runs from 1 to 255. Areas in the current scene that are neither soil nor vegetated are assigned GBI pixel values less than 100, down to 1. A GBI pixel value of 0 is used to mark null cells, where are places where imagery was missing or has been masked out. While generating the GBI raster file, server system 102 may store the scaling factor and/or the raw GBI pixel values to a memory and/or database 108.

In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 then generates 424 a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file based on the intermediate PTB raster file and the three SCPs. Specifically, server system 102 calibrates the PTB pixel values into output SBI pixel values by setting the darkest PTB pixel value to 1 and the 99th percentile PTB pixel value to 200. The calibrated PTB raster file is then used to generate the SBI raster file. The SBI pixel values represent a weighted-average brightness of all three color-infrared (CIR) spectral bands, and is displayed similar to a panchromatic image. Because the SBI raster file represents the brightness of bare soils with some sparse vegetation being present, pixels having non-reference PGI pixel values and positive greenness values are excluded in order to avoid residue-dominated and dense-vegetation pixels which are brighter than bare soils. When generating the SBI raster file, server system 102 may store the SBI offset value and/or the calibrated PTB raster file in a memory and/or database 108.

It should be noted that, in some embodiments, server system 102 receives image raster files from sensors 110 for any three available spectral bands. In such embodiments, when generating the PGI, GBI, and/or SBI raster files, server system 102 adapts a set of non-fixed coefficients based on the three spectral bands that are used.

In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 stores 426 the PGI, GBI, and SBI raster files in a memory and/or in database 108. Moreover, server system 102 and/or client system 104 then selectively displays 428 the originally received image raster files, the PGI raster file, the GBI raster file, and/or the SBI raster file using a display device. In some embodiments, server system 102 accesses a selected one of the stored PGI, GBI, and SBI raster files stored in a memory and/or in database 108, and transmits the selected raster file to client system 104 for display.

FIG. 5 is a color infrared (CIR) image 500 that includes the three image raster files received and processed by server system 102. FIGS. 6-8 are exemplary images that have been processed using system 200. Specifically, FIG. 6 is a soil-brightness-adjusted image 600 produced by displaying the SBI raster file; FIG. 7 is a soil-noise-suppressed image 700 produced by displaying the GBI raster file; and FIG. 8 is a pigmentation-adjusted image 800 produced by displaying the PGI raster file. Each image 500-800 includes a selection portion 502, 602, 702, and 802 that enables a user to select the raster file to display. For example, by selecting the CIR raster file 504, the user may display the raw CIR image received by server system 102 from sensors 110. As shown in FIG. 6, by selecting the SBI raster file 604, the user may display the SBI raster file generated by server system 102 as described above. Similarly, as shown in FIG. 7, by selecting the GBI raster file 704, the user may display the GBI raster file generated by server system 102, or as shown in FIG. 8, by selecting the PGI raster file 804, the user may display the PGI raster file generated by server system 102. Images 600-800 are shown using numeric-scale-related set of gray tones.

FIG. 5 illustrates that patterns of darker soils 506 and brighter soils 508 may appear in the AOI. Such patterns may be sources of soil noise. FIG. 6 illustrates that the SBI raster file captures brightness patterns in the AOI, as shown by a brightness key 606. Moreover, FIG. 7 illustrates that the GBI raster file suppresses the soil noise shown in image 500, resulting in cleaner mapping of spatial patterns of green biomass density variations, as shown by a soil brightness key 706. The range of GBI values from 100 to 200 tracks the full range of typical green biomass density present in the AOI, with bare soil having a GBI value of approximately 100 and very dense herbaceous green vegetation having a GBI value of approximately 200. In some embodiments, and due to normal spectral variations among different soil types, the GBI value for bare soils will vary by a few units from the nominal value of 100. Moreover, in some embodiments, and due to canopy structure and leaf-angle variations, dense herbaceous vegetation will have a range of GBI values between 180 and 200. In the exemplary embodiment, non-vegetated and non-soil-land-cover types will have GBI values between 1 and approximately 95. Further, FIG. 8 illustrates that the PGI raster file facilitates displaying useful patterns of pigmentation values where ground residue is dense, as shown by a pigmentation key 806. Moreover, the PGI raster file facilitates mapping non-vegetated, non-soil areas such as roads, open water, rooftops, and the like. In some embodiments, images 500, 600, 700, and/or 800 are displayed using grayscale such that pixel values of each raster file correspond with a predetermined shade of gray. In an alternative embodiment, images 500, 600, 700, and/or 800 are displayed using colors such that pixel values of each raster file correspond with a predetermined color.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart 900 that illustrates an exemplary method for generating a supplementary agricultural index raster file associated with an area of interest (AOI) using system 200 (shown in FIG. 2). Specifically, flowchart 900 illustrates an exemplary method of generating a supplementary index raster file using server system 102 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) based on the primary index raster files (GBI, PGI, and SBI) generated using the methods described in FIGS. 3 and 4. In the exemplary embodiment, the supplementary index raster file is generated with no input from a user.

In the exemplary embodiment, the GBI, PGI, and SBI raster files are generated as described above. Specifically, server system 102 receives 902 three image raster files from one or more sensors 110 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2), and stores 904 the three image raster files in a memory and/or in database 108 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2). Moreover, server system 102 receives 906 three SCPs via user input, as described above, and stores 908 the SCPs in a memory and/or in database 108. Server system 102 then generates 910 the GBI, PGI, and SBI raster files based on the three image raster files and the three SCPs, as described in greater detail above. Server system 102 stores 912 the GBI, PGI, and SBI raster files in a memory and/or in database 108. In some embodiments, server system 102, for example, includes computer-readable storage media having a primary index component that causes a processor to generate the GBI, PGI, and SBI raster files as described above in FIGS. 3 and 4.

In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 combines 914 the GBI and PGI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file. Similar to the GBI, PGI, and SBI raster files, the CSB raster file is a georeferenced raster file that includes a plurality of pixel values and a set of map coordinates associated with each pixel value. In some embodiments, the computer includes a combination component that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to combine the GBI and PGI raster files to generate the CSB raster file. In the exemplary embodiment, server system 102 then classifies 916 each pixel value in the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes. Specifically, server system 102 determines to which of the plurality of classes each pixel value should be assigned based on a type of land cover associated with each pixel value. The classes include, but are not limited to, land cover types such as (1) clouds and light-colored rooftops; (2) moderately-dense or dense green vegetation; (3) open water, road surfaces, and dark-colored rooftops; (4) areas covered by vegetative residue; and (5) pixels with null values. In some embodiments, the computer includes a classification component that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to classify each pixel value in the CSB raster file as described.

The remaining pixel values in the CSB raster file, in the exemplary embodiment, are generally associated with a bare soil area or a sparse vegetation area. Such areas are accurately indicated using pixel values from the SBI raster file having the same map coordinates. As such, server system 102 substitutes 918 SBI pixel values for these CSB pixel values. Specifically, server system 102 substitutes SBI pixel values for any CSB pixel values that do not correspond to any of the above classes. Moreover, in some embodiments, the computer includes a substitution component that, when executed by the processor, causes the processor to substitute the SBI pixel values for the CSB pixel values as described above. In the exemplary embodiment, after completing the generation of the CSB raster file, server system 102 stores 920 the CSB raster file in a memory and/or in database 108 using, for example, a storage component.

In the exemplary embodiment, client system 104 (shown in FIGS. 1 and 2) displays 922 the CSB raster file using, for example, a display component, as shown in FIG. 10. Specifically, FIG. 10 is an exemplary image 1000 produced by displaying the CSB raster. Image 1000 includes a selection portion 1002 that enables a user to select whether to display the CSB raster file or the raw CIR image. For example, by selecting the CIR raster file 1004, the user may display the raw CIR image received by server system 102 from sensors 110. As shown in FIG. 10, by selecting the second display option 1006, the user may display the CSB raster file generated by server system 102 based on rescaled SBI pixel values as described above. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 10, areas with exposed or partially exposed bare soil are displayed using predetermined shades shown by a soil brightness key 1008. In the exemplary embodiment, image 1000 is displayed using colors such that pixel values of the CSB raster file and the raw CIR image correspond with a predetermined color. For example, CSB pixels that correspond to clouds and some rooftops are displayed using white, and pixels that correspond to moderately-dense vegetation or dense green vegetation are displayed using green. Moreover, pixels that correspond to open water, road surfaces and some other rooftops are displayed using magenta, pixels that correspond to areas covered by vegetative residue are displayed using orange, and null-valued pixels are displayed using black. Alternative embodiments may use a different color for one or more classes, or may use a different shade of a predetermined color for one or more classes. In some embodiments, image 1000 is displayed using grayscale such that pixel values of the CSB raster file and the raw CIR image correspond with a predetermined shade of gray.

Exemplary embodiments of systems, methods, and computer-readable storage media for generating agricultural information products are described above in detail. The systems, methods, and storage media are not limited to the specific embodiments described herein but, rather, steps of the methods and/or components of the system and/or apparatus may be utilized independently and separately from other steps and/or components described herein. Further, the described steps and/or components may also be defined in, or used in combination with, other systems, methods, and/or apparatus, and are not limited to practice with only the systems, methods, and storage media as described herein.

A computing device or computer such as described herein has one or more processors or processing units and a system memory. The computer typically has at least some form of computer readable media. By way of example and not limitation, computer readable media include computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Communication media typically embody computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and include any information delivery media. Those skilled in the art are familiar with the modulated data signal, which has one or more of its characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. Combinations of any of the above are also included within the scope of computer readable media.

Although described in connection with an exemplary computing system environment, embodiments of the invention are operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. The computing system environment is not intended to suggest any limitation as to the scope of use or functionality of any aspect of the invention. Moreover, the computing system environment should not be interpreted as having any dependency or requirement relating to any one or combination of components illustrated in the exemplary operating environment. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may be suitable for use with aspects of the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, mobile telephones, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

Embodiments of the invention may be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program components or modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Aspects of the invention may be implemented with any number and organization of components or modules. For example, aspects of the invention are not limited to the specific computer-executable instructions or the specific components or modules illustrated in the figures and described herein. Alternative embodiments of the invention may include different computer-executable instructions or components having more or less functionality than illustrated and described herein.

The order of execution or performance of the operations in the embodiments of the invention illustrated and described herein is not essential, unless otherwise specified. That is, the operations may be performed in any order, unless otherwise specified, and embodiments of the invention may include additional or fewer operations than those disclosed herein. For example, it is contemplated that executing or performing a particular operation before, contemporaneously with, or after another operation is within the scope of aspects of the invention.

In some embodiments, a processor generally includes any programmable system including systems and microcontrollers, reduced instruction set circuits (RISC), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic circuits (PLC), and any other circuit or processor capable of executing the functions described herein. The above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term processor.

In some embodiments, a database includes any collection of data including hierarchical databases, relational databases, flat file databases, object-relational databases, object oriented databases, and any other structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system. The above examples are exemplary only, and thus are not intended to limit in any way the definition and/or meaning of the term database. Examples of databases include, but are not limited to only including, Oracle® Database, MySQL, IBM® DB2, Microsoft® SQL Server, Sybase®, and PostgreSQL. However, any database may be used that enables the systems and methods described herein. (Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, Calif.; IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.; Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Wash.; and Sybase is a registered trademark of Sybase, Dublin, Calif.)

When introducing elements of aspects of the invention or embodiments thereof, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements. The terms “comprising,” including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements.

This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims. 

1. A method for generating a supplementary index raster file based on a plurality of primary index raster files that are associated with an area of interest (AOI) using a computer coupled to a remote sensing device via a network, wherein the computer includes an input device, a display, and a memory, the method comprising: generating the plurality of primary index raster files including at least two independent vegetation index (VI) raster files and a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file, wherein each primary index raster file includes a plurality of pixel values; combining, by the computer, the at least two VI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file; classifying, by the computer, each pixel value of the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes; storing the CSB raster file into the memory; and displaying, via the display, the CSB raster file.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein generating the plurality of primary index raster files comprises: receiving, by the computer, a plurality of image raster files relating to the AOI from the remote sensing device; receiving a plurality of spectral control points (SCPs) via the input device; and generating the plurality of primary index raster files based on the plurality of image raster files and the plurality of SCPs.
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of classes corresponds to a type of land cover within the AOI.
 4. The method according to claim 3, wherein each of the plurality of classes is related to one of open water, road surfaces, rooftops, moderately-dense vegetation, dense vegetation, vegetative residue, and null-valued pixels.
 5. The method according to claim 1, further comprising substituting pixel values of the SBI raster file for pixel values of the CSB raster file that do not correspond to one of the plurality of classes.
 6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the SBI raster file pixel values are substituted for pixel values of the CSB raster file that correspond to one of an area of bare soil and an area under sparse vegetation.
 7. The method according to claim 5, wherein displaying the CSB raster file comprises displaying the SBI raster file pixel values using a shade of a predetermined color.
 8. The method according to claim 1, wherein displaying the CSB raster file comprises displaying each pixel value of the CSB raster file using a color associated with the corresponding class.
 9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the CSB raster file is generated without input from a user.
 10. An information system configured to generate a supplementary index raster file based on a plurality of primary index raster files that are associated with an area of interest (AOI), the information system comprising: a computer system comprising a memory and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the computer system is configured to: generate the plurality of primary index raster files including at least two vegetation index (VI) raster files, wherein each primary index raster file includes a plurality of georeferenced pixel values; combine the at least two VI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file; classify each pixel value of the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes; store the CSB raster file into the memory; and display the CSB raster file based on a user-selected display option.
 11. The information system according to claim 10, wherein the plurality of primary index raster files includes a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file, and wherein the at least two VI raster files include a green biomass index (GBI) raster file and a pigmentation index (PGI) raster file.
 12. The information system according to claim 11, wherein the computer system is configured to generate the plurality of primary index raster files by: receiving a plurality of image raster files relating to the AOI from a remote sensing device; receiving a plurality of spectral control points (SCPs) via an input device; and generating the plurality of primary index raster files based on the plurality of image raster files and the plurality of SCPs.
 13. The information system according to claim 10, wherein each of the plurality of classes corresponds to a type of land cover within the AOI.
 14. The information system according to claim 13, wherein each of the plurality of classes is related to one of open water, road surfaces, rooftops, moderately-dense vegetation, dense vegetation, vegetative residue, and null-valued pixels.
 15. The information system according to claim 10, wherein the computer system is configured to substitute pixel values of the SBI raster file for pixel values of the CSB raster file that do not correspond to one of the plurality of classes.
 16. The information system according to claim 15, wherein the SBI raster file pixel values are substituted for pixel values of the CSB raster file that correspond to one of an area of bare soil and an area under sparse vegetation.
 17. The information system according to claim 10, wherein the CSB raster file is generated without input from a user.
 18. One or more computer-readable storage media having computer-executable components for generating a supplementary index raster file based on a plurality of primary index raster files that are associated with an area of interest (AOI), the components comprising: a primary index component that when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to generate the plurality of primary index raster files including at least two vegetation index (VI) raster files and a soil brightness index (SBI) raster file, wherein each primary index raster file includes a plurality of pixel values; a combination component that when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to combine the at least two VI raster files to generate a classified soil brightness (CSB) raster file; a classification component that when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to classify each pixel value of the CSB raster file into one of a plurality of classes based on a type of land cover associated with each pixel value; a storage component that when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to store the CSB raster file in a memory; and a display component that when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to transmit the CSB raster file to a display device.
 19. The computer-readable storage media according to claim 18, wherein the primary index component generates the plurality of primary index raster files by: receiving a plurality of image raster files relating to the AOI from a remote sensing device; receiving a plurality of spectral control points (SCPs) via an input device; and generating the plurality of primary index raster files based on the plurality of image raster files and the plurality of SCPs.
 20. The computer-readable storage media according to claim 18, wherein each of the plurality of classes is related to one of open water, road surfaces, rooftops, moderately-dense vegetation, dense vegetation, vegetative residue, and null-valued pixels.
 21. The computer-readable storage media according to claim 18, further comprising a substitution component that when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to substitute pixel values of the SBI raster file for pixel values of the CSB raster file that do not correspond to one of the plurality of classes.
 22. The computer-readable storage media according to claim 21, wherein the SBI raster file pixel values are substituted for pixel values of the CSB raster file that correspond to one of an area of bare soil and an area under sparse vegetation.
 23. The computer-readable storage media according to claim 18, wherein the CSB raster file is generated without input from a user. 